TPress
1.
Ernst, M.; Altenburg, B.; Schmalz, T.
Characterizing adaptations of prosthetic feet in the frontal plane Artikel
In: Prosthet. Orthot. Int., Bd. 44, Nr. 4, S. 225–233, 2020, ISSN: 0309-3646.
Abstract | Links | Schlagwörter: arm prosthesis, arthrodesis, article, Axtion, biomechanics, bone conduction, finite element analysis, forefoot, histology, human, joint function, mathematical model, motion analysis system, osteoarthritis, Pacifica LP, Pro Flex LP, Prototype ESRJ, subtalar joint, theoretical model, Triton LP
@article{Ernst2020,
title = {Characterizing adaptations of prosthetic feet in the frontal plane},
author = {M. Ernst and B. Altenburg and T. Schmalz},
url = {https://www.embase.com/search/results?subaction=viewrecord&id=L2005154580&from=export},
doi = {10.1177/0309364620917838},
issn = {0309-3646},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Prosthet. Orthot. Int.},
volume = {44},
number = {4},
pages = {225–233},
address = {M. Ernst, Research Biomechanics, Clinical Research and Services, Ottobock SE Co. KGaA, Göttingen, Germany},
abstract = {Background: Energy-storage and return feet incorporate various design features including split toes. As a potential improvement, an energy-storage and return foot with a dedicated ankle joint was recently introduced allowing for easily accessible inversion/eversion movement. However, the adaptability of energy-storage and return feet to uneven ground and the effects on biomechanical and clinical parameters have not been investigated in detail. Objectives: To investigate the design-related ability of prosthetic feet to adapt to cross slopes and derive a theoretical model. Study design: Mechanical testing and characterization. Methods: Mechanical adaptation to cross slopes was investigated for six prosthetic feet measured by a motion capture system. A theoretical model linking the measured data with adaptations is proposed. Results: The type and degree of adaptation depends on the foot design, for example, stiffness, split toe or continuous carbon forefoot, and additional ankle joint. The model used shows high correlations with the measured data for all feet. Conclusions: The ability of prosthetic feet to adapt to uneven ground is design-dependent. The split-toe feet adapted better to cross slopes than those with continuous carbon forefeet. Joints enhance this further by allowing for additional inversion and eversion. The influence on biomechanical and clinical parameters should be assessed in future studies. Clinical relevance: Knowing foot-specific ability to adapt to uneven ground may help in selecting an appropriate prosthetic foot for persons with a lower limb amputation. Faster and more comprehensive adaptations to uneven ground may lower the need for compensations and therefore increase user safety.},
keywords = {arm prosthesis, arthrodesis, article, Axtion, biomechanics, bone conduction, finite element analysis, forefoot, histology, human, joint function, mathematical model, motion analysis system, osteoarthritis, Pacifica LP, Pro Flex LP, Prototype ESRJ, subtalar joint, theoretical model, Triton LP},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background: Energy-storage and return feet incorporate various design features including split toes. As a potential improvement, an energy-storage and return foot with a dedicated ankle joint was recently introduced allowing for easily accessible inversion/eversion movement. However, the adaptability of energy-storage and return feet to uneven ground and the effects on biomechanical and clinical parameters have not been investigated in detail. Objectives: To investigate the design-related ability of prosthetic feet to adapt to cross slopes and derive a theoretical model. Study design: Mechanical testing and characterization. Methods: Mechanical adaptation to cross slopes was investigated for six prosthetic feet measured by a motion capture system. A theoretical model linking the measured data with adaptations is proposed. Results: The type and degree of adaptation depends on the foot design, for example, stiffness, split toe or continuous carbon forefoot, and additional ankle joint. The model used shows high correlations with the measured data for all feet. Conclusions: The ability of prosthetic feet to adapt to uneven ground is design-dependent. The split-toe feet adapted better to cross slopes than those with continuous carbon forefeet. Joints enhance this further by allowing for additional inversion and eversion. The influence on biomechanical and clinical parameters should be assessed in future studies. Clinical relevance: Knowing foot-specific ability to adapt to uneven ground may help in selecting an appropriate prosthetic foot for persons with a lower limb amputation. Faster and more comprehensive adaptations to uneven ground may lower the need for compensations and therefore increase user safety.
2.
Whitehead, J. M. Aldridge; Wolf, E. J.; Scoville, C. R.; Wilken, J. M.
In: Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., Bd. 472, Nr. 10, S. 3093–3101, 2014, ISSN: 0009-921X.
Abstract | Links | Schlagwörter: above knee prosthesis, adult, amputation, article, C- Leg, clinical article, controlled study, femur, functional assessment, ground reaction force, human, joint function, kinematics, male, microprocessor, microprocessor controlled prosthetic knee, motion analysis system, priority journal, Total Knee, walking, X2
@article{AldridgeWhitehead2014,
title = {Does a Microprocessor-controlled Prosthetic Knee Affect Stair Ascent Strategies in Persons With Transfemoral Amputation?},
author = {J. M. Aldridge Whitehead and E. J. Wolf and C. R. Scoville and J. M. Wilken},
url = {https://www.embase.com/search/results?subaction=viewrecord&id=L608263443&from=export},
doi = {10.1007/s11999-014-3484-2},
issn = {0009-921X},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-10-01},
journal = {Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res.},
volume = {472},
number = {10},
pages = {3093–3101},
publisher = {Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)},
address = {J.M. Wilken, DOD-VA Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, Center for the Intrepid, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Brooke Army Medical Center, 3551 Roger Brooke Drive, Ft Sam Houston, TX, United States},
abstract = {Background: Stair ascent can be difficult for individuals with transfemoral amputation because of the loss of knee function. Most individuals with transfemoral amputation use either a step-to-step (nonreciprocal, advancing one stair at a time) or skip-step strategy (nonreciprocal, advancing two stairs at a time), rather than a step-over-step (reciprocal) strategy, because step-to-step and skip-step allow the leading intact limb to do the majority of work. A new microprocessor-controlled knee (Ottobock X2®) uses flexion/extension resistance to allow step-over-step stair ascent. Questions/Purposes: We compared self-selected stair ascent strategies between conventional and X2® prosthetic knees, examined between-limb differences, and differentiated stair ascent mechanics between X2® users and individuals without amputation. We also determined which factors are associated with differences in knee position during initial contact and swing within X2® users. Methods: Fourteen individuals with transfemoral amputation participated in stair ascent sessions while using conventional and X2® knees. Ten individuals without amputation also completed a stair ascent session. Lower-extremity stair ascent joint angles, moment, and powers and ground reaction forces were calculated using inverse dynamics during self-selected strategy and cadence and controlled cadence using a step-over-step strategy. Results: One individual with amputation self-selected a step-over-step strategy while using a conventional knee, while 10 individuals self-selected a step-over-step strategy while using X2® knees. Individuals with amputation used greater prosthetic knee flexion during initial contact (32.5°},
keywords = {above knee prosthesis, adult, amputation, article, C- Leg, clinical article, controlled study, femur, functional assessment, ground reaction force, human, joint function, kinematics, male, microprocessor, microprocessor controlled prosthetic knee, motion analysis system, priority journal, Total Knee, walking, X2},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background: Stair ascent can be difficult for individuals with transfemoral amputation because of the loss of knee function. Most individuals with transfemoral amputation use either a step-to-step (nonreciprocal, advancing one stair at a time) or skip-step strategy (nonreciprocal, advancing two stairs at a time), rather than a step-over-step (reciprocal) strategy, because step-to-step and skip-step allow the leading intact limb to do the majority of work. A new microprocessor-controlled knee (Ottobock X2®) uses flexion/extension resistance to allow step-over-step stair ascent. Questions/Purposes: We compared self-selected stair ascent strategies between conventional and X2® prosthetic knees, examined between-limb differences, and differentiated stair ascent mechanics between X2® users and individuals without amputation. We also determined which factors are associated with differences in knee position during initial contact and swing within X2® users. Methods: Fourteen individuals with transfemoral amputation participated in stair ascent sessions while using conventional and X2® knees. Ten individuals without amputation also completed a stair ascent session. Lower-extremity stair ascent joint angles, moment, and powers and ground reaction forces were calculated using inverse dynamics during self-selected strategy and cadence and controlled cadence using a step-over-step strategy. Results: One individual with amputation self-selected a step-over-step strategy while using a conventional knee, while 10 individuals self-selected a step-over-step strategy while using X2® knees. Individuals with amputation used greater prosthetic knee flexion during initial contact (32.5°
2020
Ernst, M.; Altenburg, B.; Schmalz, T.
Characterizing adaptations of prosthetic feet in the frontal plane Artikel
In: Prosthet. Orthot. Int., Bd. 44, Nr. 4, S. 225–233, 2020, ISSN: 0309-3646.
Abstract | Links | Schlagwörter: arm prosthesis, arthrodesis, article, Axtion, biomechanics, bone conduction, finite element analysis, forefoot, histology, human, joint function, mathematical model, motion analysis system, osteoarthritis, Pacifica LP, Pro Flex LP, Prototype ESRJ, subtalar joint, theoretical model, Triton LP
@article{Ernst2020,
title = {Characterizing adaptations of prosthetic feet in the frontal plane},
author = {M. Ernst and B. Altenburg and T. Schmalz},
url = {https://www.embase.com/search/results?subaction=viewrecord&id=L2005154580&from=export},
doi = {10.1177/0309364620917838},
issn = {0309-3646},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Prosthet. Orthot. Int.},
volume = {44},
number = {4},
pages = {225–233},
address = {M. Ernst, Research Biomechanics, Clinical Research and Services, Ottobock SE Co. KGaA, Göttingen, Germany},
abstract = {Background: Energy-storage and return feet incorporate various design features including split toes. As a potential improvement, an energy-storage and return foot with a dedicated ankle joint was recently introduced allowing for easily accessible inversion/eversion movement. However, the adaptability of energy-storage and return feet to uneven ground and the effects on biomechanical and clinical parameters have not been investigated in detail. Objectives: To investigate the design-related ability of prosthetic feet to adapt to cross slopes and derive a theoretical model. Study design: Mechanical testing and characterization. Methods: Mechanical adaptation to cross slopes was investigated for six prosthetic feet measured by a motion capture system. A theoretical model linking the measured data with adaptations is proposed. Results: The type and degree of adaptation depends on the foot design, for example, stiffness, split toe or continuous carbon forefoot, and additional ankle joint. The model used shows high correlations with the measured data for all feet. Conclusions: The ability of prosthetic feet to adapt to uneven ground is design-dependent. The split-toe feet adapted better to cross slopes than those with continuous carbon forefeet. Joints enhance this further by allowing for additional inversion and eversion. The influence on biomechanical and clinical parameters should be assessed in future studies. Clinical relevance: Knowing foot-specific ability to adapt to uneven ground may help in selecting an appropriate prosthetic foot for persons with a lower limb amputation. Faster and more comprehensive adaptations to uneven ground may lower the need for compensations and therefore increase user safety.},
keywords = {arm prosthesis, arthrodesis, article, Axtion, biomechanics, bone conduction, finite element analysis, forefoot, histology, human, joint function, mathematical model, motion analysis system, osteoarthritis, Pacifica LP, Pro Flex LP, Prototype ESRJ, subtalar joint, theoretical model, Triton LP},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background: Energy-storage and return feet incorporate various design features including split toes. As a potential improvement, an energy-storage and return foot with a dedicated ankle joint was recently introduced allowing for easily accessible inversion/eversion movement. However, the adaptability of energy-storage and return feet to uneven ground and the effects on biomechanical and clinical parameters have not been investigated in detail. Objectives: To investigate the design-related ability of prosthetic feet to adapt to cross slopes and derive a theoretical model. Study design: Mechanical testing and characterization. Methods: Mechanical adaptation to cross slopes was investigated for six prosthetic feet measured by a motion capture system. A theoretical model linking the measured data with adaptations is proposed. Results: The type and degree of adaptation depends on the foot design, for example, stiffness, split toe or continuous carbon forefoot, and additional ankle joint. The model used shows high correlations with the measured data for all feet. Conclusions: The ability of prosthetic feet to adapt to uneven ground is design-dependent. The split-toe feet adapted better to cross slopes than those with continuous carbon forefeet. Joints enhance this further by allowing for additional inversion and eversion. The influence on biomechanical and clinical parameters should be assessed in future studies. Clinical relevance: Knowing foot-specific ability to adapt to uneven ground may help in selecting an appropriate prosthetic foot for persons with a lower limb amputation. Faster and more comprehensive adaptations to uneven ground may lower the need for compensations and therefore increase user safety.
2014
Whitehead, J. M. Aldridge; Wolf, E. J.; Scoville, C. R.; Wilken, J. M.
In: Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., Bd. 472, Nr. 10, S. 3093–3101, 2014, ISSN: 0009-921X.
Abstract | Links | Schlagwörter: above knee prosthesis, adult, amputation, article, C- Leg, clinical article, controlled study, femur, functional assessment, ground reaction force, human, joint function, kinematics, male, microprocessor, microprocessor controlled prosthetic knee, motion analysis system, priority journal, Total Knee, walking, X2
@article{AldridgeWhitehead2014,
title = {Does a Microprocessor-controlled Prosthetic Knee Affect Stair Ascent Strategies in Persons With Transfemoral Amputation?},
author = {J. M. Aldridge Whitehead and E. J. Wolf and C. R. Scoville and J. M. Wilken},
url = {https://www.embase.com/search/results?subaction=viewrecord&id=L608263443&from=export},
doi = {10.1007/s11999-014-3484-2},
issn = {0009-921X},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-10-01},
journal = {Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res.},
volume = {472},
number = {10},
pages = {3093–3101},
publisher = {Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)},
address = {J.M. Wilken, DOD-VA Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, Center for the Intrepid, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Brooke Army Medical Center, 3551 Roger Brooke Drive, Ft Sam Houston, TX, United States},
abstract = {Background: Stair ascent can be difficult for individuals with transfemoral amputation because of the loss of knee function. Most individuals with transfemoral amputation use either a step-to-step (nonreciprocal, advancing one stair at a time) or skip-step strategy (nonreciprocal, advancing two stairs at a time), rather than a step-over-step (reciprocal) strategy, because step-to-step and skip-step allow the leading intact limb to do the majority of work. A new microprocessor-controlled knee (Ottobock X2®) uses flexion/extension resistance to allow step-over-step stair ascent. Questions/Purposes: We compared self-selected stair ascent strategies between conventional and X2® prosthetic knees, examined between-limb differences, and differentiated stair ascent mechanics between X2® users and individuals without amputation. We also determined which factors are associated with differences in knee position during initial contact and swing within X2® users. Methods: Fourteen individuals with transfemoral amputation participated in stair ascent sessions while using conventional and X2® knees. Ten individuals without amputation also completed a stair ascent session. Lower-extremity stair ascent joint angles, moment, and powers and ground reaction forces were calculated using inverse dynamics during self-selected strategy and cadence and controlled cadence using a step-over-step strategy. Results: One individual with amputation self-selected a step-over-step strategy while using a conventional knee, while 10 individuals self-selected a step-over-step strategy while using X2® knees. Individuals with amputation used greater prosthetic knee flexion during initial contact (32.5°},
keywords = {above knee prosthesis, adult, amputation, article, C- Leg, clinical article, controlled study, femur, functional assessment, ground reaction force, human, joint function, kinematics, male, microprocessor, microprocessor controlled prosthetic knee, motion analysis system, priority journal, Total Knee, walking, X2},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background: Stair ascent can be difficult for individuals with transfemoral amputation because of the loss of knee function. Most individuals with transfemoral amputation use either a step-to-step (nonreciprocal, advancing one stair at a time) or skip-step strategy (nonreciprocal, advancing two stairs at a time), rather than a step-over-step (reciprocal) strategy, because step-to-step and skip-step allow the leading intact limb to do the majority of work. A new microprocessor-controlled knee (Ottobock X2®) uses flexion/extension resistance to allow step-over-step stair ascent. Questions/Purposes: We compared self-selected stair ascent strategies between conventional and X2® prosthetic knees, examined between-limb differences, and differentiated stair ascent mechanics between X2® users and individuals without amputation. We also determined which factors are associated with differences in knee position during initial contact and swing within X2® users. Methods: Fourteen individuals with transfemoral amputation participated in stair ascent sessions while using conventional and X2® knees. Ten individuals without amputation also completed a stair ascent session. Lower-extremity stair ascent joint angles, moment, and powers and ground reaction forces were calculated using inverse dynamics during self-selected strategy and cadence and controlled cadence using a step-over-step strategy. Results: One individual with amputation self-selected a step-over-step strategy while using a conventional knee, while 10 individuals self-selected a step-over-step strategy while using X2® knees. Individuals with amputation used greater prosthetic knee flexion during initial contact (32.5°
2020
Ernst, M.; Altenburg, B.; Schmalz, T.
Characterizing adaptations of prosthetic feet in the frontal plane Artikel
In: Prosthet. Orthot. Int., Bd. 44, Nr. 4, S. 225–233, 2020, ISSN: 0309-3646.
@article{Ernst2020,
title = {Characterizing adaptations of prosthetic feet in the frontal plane},
author = {M. Ernst and B. Altenburg and T. Schmalz},
url = {https://www.embase.com/search/results?subaction=viewrecord&id=L2005154580&from=export},
doi = {10.1177/0309364620917838},
issn = {0309-3646},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Prosthet. Orthot. Int.},
volume = {44},
number = {4},
pages = {225–233},
address = {M. Ernst, Research Biomechanics, Clinical Research and Services, Ottobock SE Co. KGaA, Göttingen, Germany},
abstract = {Background: Energy-storage and return feet incorporate various design features including split toes. As a potential improvement, an energy-storage and return foot with a dedicated ankle joint was recently introduced allowing for easily accessible inversion/eversion movement. However, the adaptability of energy-storage and return feet to uneven ground and the effects on biomechanical and clinical parameters have not been investigated in detail. Objectives: To investigate the design-related ability of prosthetic feet to adapt to cross slopes and derive a theoretical model. Study design: Mechanical testing and characterization. Methods: Mechanical adaptation to cross slopes was investigated for six prosthetic feet measured by a motion capture system. A theoretical model linking the measured data with adaptations is proposed. Results: The type and degree of adaptation depends on the foot design, for example, stiffness, split toe or continuous carbon forefoot, and additional ankle joint. The model used shows high correlations with the measured data for all feet. Conclusions: The ability of prosthetic feet to adapt to uneven ground is design-dependent. The split-toe feet adapted better to cross slopes than those with continuous carbon forefeet. Joints enhance this further by allowing for additional inversion and eversion. The influence on biomechanical and clinical parameters should be assessed in future studies. Clinical relevance: Knowing foot-specific ability to adapt to uneven ground may help in selecting an appropriate prosthetic foot for persons with a lower limb amputation. Faster and more comprehensive adaptations to uneven ground may lower the need for compensations and therefore increase user safety.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background: Energy-storage and return feet incorporate various design features including split toes. As a potential improvement, an energy-storage and return foot with a dedicated ankle joint was recently introduced allowing for easily accessible inversion/eversion movement. However, the adaptability of energy-storage and return feet to uneven ground and the effects on biomechanical and clinical parameters have not been investigated in detail. Objectives: To investigate the design-related ability of prosthetic feet to adapt to cross slopes and derive a theoretical model. Study design: Mechanical testing and characterization. Methods: Mechanical adaptation to cross slopes was investigated for six prosthetic feet measured by a motion capture system. A theoretical model linking the measured data with adaptations is proposed. Results: The type and degree of adaptation depends on the foot design, for example, stiffness, split toe or continuous carbon forefoot, and additional ankle joint. The model used shows high correlations with the measured data for all feet. Conclusions: The ability of prosthetic feet to adapt to uneven ground is design-dependent. The split-toe feet adapted better to cross slopes than those with continuous carbon forefeet. Joints enhance this further by allowing for additional inversion and eversion. The influence on biomechanical and clinical parameters should be assessed in future studies. Clinical relevance: Knowing foot-specific ability to adapt to uneven ground may help in selecting an appropriate prosthetic foot for persons with a lower limb amputation. Faster and more comprehensive adaptations to uneven ground may lower the need for compensations and therefore increase user safety.
2014
Whitehead, J. M. Aldridge; Wolf, E. J.; Scoville, C. R.; Wilken, J. M.
In: Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., Bd. 472, Nr. 10, S. 3093–3101, 2014, ISSN: 0009-921X.
@article{AldridgeWhitehead2014,
title = {Does a Microprocessor-controlled Prosthetic Knee Affect Stair Ascent Strategies in Persons With Transfemoral Amputation?},
author = {J. M. Aldridge Whitehead and E. J. Wolf and C. R. Scoville and J. M. Wilken},
url = {https://www.embase.com/search/results?subaction=viewrecord&id=L608263443&from=export},
doi = {10.1007/s11999-014-3484-2},
issn = {0009-921X},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-10-01},
journal = {Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res.},
volume = {472},
number = {10},
pages = {3093–3101},
publisher = {Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)},
address = {J.M. Wilken, DOD-VA Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, Center for the Intrepid, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Brooke Army Medical Center, 3551 Roger Brooke Drive, Ft Sam Houston, TX, United States},
abstract = {Background: Stair ascent can be difficult for individuals with transfemoral amputation because of the loss of knee function. Most individuals with transfemoral amputation use either a step-to-step (nonreciprocal, advancing one stair at a time) or skip-step strategy (nonreciprocal, advancing two stairs at a time), rather than a step-over-step (reciprocal) strategy, because step-to-step and skip-step allow the leading intact limb to do the majority of work. A new microprocessor-controlled knee (Ottobock X2®) uses flexion/extension resistance to allow step-over-step stair ascent. Questions/Purposes: We compared self-selected stair ascent strategies between conventional and X2® prosthetic knees, examined between-limb differences, and differentiated stair ascent mechanics between X2® users and individuals without amputation. We also determined which factors are associated with differences in knee position during initial contact and swing within X2® users. Methods: Fourteen individuals with transfemoral amputation participated in stair ascent sessions while using conventional and X2® knees. Ten individuals without amputation also completed a stair ascent session. Lower-extremity stair ascent joint angles, moment, and powers and ground reaction forces were calculated using inverse dynamics during self-selected strategy and cadence and controlled cadence using a step-over-step strategy. Results: One individual with amputation self-selected a step-over-step strategy while using a conventional knee, while 10 individuals self-selected a step-over-step strategy while using X2® knees. Individuals with amputation used greater prosthetic knee flexion during initial contact (32.5°},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background: Stair ascent can be difficult for individuals with transfemoral amputation because of the loss of knee function. Most individuals with transfemoral amputation use either a step-to-step (nonreciprocal, advancing one stair at a time) or skip-step strategy (nonreciprocal, advancing two stairs at a time), rather than a step-over-step (reciprocal) strategy, because step-to-step and skip-step allow the leading intact limb to do the majority of work. A new microprocessor-controlled knee (Ottobock X2®) uses flexion/extension resistance to allow step-over-step stair ascent. Questions/Purposes: We compared self-selected stair ascent strategies between conventional and X2® prosthetic knees, examined between-limb differences, and differentiated stair ascent mechanics between X2® users and individuals without amputation. We also determined which factors are associated with differences in knee position during initial contact and swing within X2® users. Methods: Fourteen individuals with transfemoral amputation participated in stair ascent sessions while using conventional and X2® knees. Ten individuals without amputation also completed a stair ascent session. Lower-extremity stair ascent joint angles, moment, and powers and ground reaction forces were calculated using inverse dynamics during self-selected strategy and cadence and controlled cadence using a step-over-step strategy. Results: One individual with amputation self-selected a step-over-step strategy while using a conventional knee, while 10 individuals self-selected a step-over-step strategy while using X2® knees. Individuals with amputation used greater prosthetic knee flexion during initial contact (32.5°